遷移到現代 Redux
- 如何將舊版的「手寫」Redux 邏輯現代化,以使用 Redux Toolkit
- 如何將舊版的 React-Redux
connect
元件現代化,以使用 hooks API - 如何將使用 TypeScript 的 Redux 邏輯和 React-Redux 元件現代化
概觀
Redux 自 2015 年問世以來,我們撰寫 Redux 程式碼的建議模式已隨著時間大幅改變。就像 React 已從 createClass
演變為 React.Component
,再演變為帶有 hooks 的函式元件,Redux 也已從手動商店設定 + 手寫 reducer(使用物件擴充)+ React-Redux 的 connect
,演變為 Redux Toolkit 的 configureStore
+ createSlice
+ React-Redux 的 hooks API。
許多使用者正在處理較舊的 Redux 程式碼庫,這些程式碼庫是在這些「現代 Redux」模式出現之前就已存在。將這些程式碼庫遷移至當今建議的現代 Redux 模式,將會產生更小且更容易維護的程式碼庫。
好消息是:你可以逐步將程式碼遷移至現代 Redux,逐一進行,讓舊版和新版 Redux 程式碼並存且共同運作!
此頁面涵蓋了現代化現有舊版 Redux 程式碼庫時,你可以使用的通用方法和技術。
如需有關如何使用 Redux Toolkit + React-Redux hooks 簡化使用 Redux 的「現代 Redux」的更多詳細資訊,請參閱下列其他資源
使用 Redux Toolkit 現代化 Redux 邏輯
遷移 Redux 邏輯的通用方法是
- 使用 Redux Toolkit 的
configureStore
取代現有的手動 Redux 商店設定 - 挑選現有的區段 reducer 及其相關動作。使用 RTK 的
createSlice
取代它們。一次針對一個 reducer 重複執行。 - 視需要,用 RTK Query 或
createAsyncThunk
取代現有的資料擷取邏輯 - 視需要使用 RTK 的其他 API,例如
createListenerMiddleware
或createEntityAdapter
你應該總是先用 configureStore
取代舊版的 createStore
呼叫。這是個一次性的步驟,所有現有的 reducer 和 middleware 都會繼續照常運作。configureStore
包含開發模式檢查,用於檢查常見錯誤,例如意外的變異和不可序列化的值,因此這些檢查有助於找出程式碼庫中發生這些錯誤的區域。
你可以在 Redux Fundamentals, Part 8: Modern Redux with Redux Toolkit 中看到此一般方法的實際應用。
使用 configureStore
設定儲存
典型的舊版 Redux 儲存設定檔案會執行多個不同的步驟
- 將區段 reducer 合併到根 reducer
- 建立 middleware enhancer,通常使用 thunk middleware,以及開發模式中其他可能的 middleware,例如
redux-logger
- 加入 Redux DevTools enhancer,並組合 enhancer
- 呼叫
createStore
以下是在現有應用程式中這些步驟可能呈現的樣子
import { createStore, applyMiddleware, combineReducers, compose } from 'redux'
import thunk from 'redux-thunk'
import postsReducer from '../reducers/postsReducer'
import usersReducer from '../reducers/usersReducer'
const rootReducer = combineReducers({
posts: postsReducer,
users: usersReducer
})
const middlewareEnhancer = applyMiddleware(thunk)
const composeWithDevTools =
window.__REDUX_DEVTOOLS_EXTENSION_COMPOSE__ || compose
const composedEnhancers = composeWithDevTools(middlewareEnhancer)
const store = createStore(rootReducer, composedEnhancers)
所有這些步驟都可以用單一呼叫 Redux Toolkit 的 configureStore
API 取代.
RTK 的 configureStore
包裹原始的 createStore
方法,並自動為我們處理大部分的儲存設定。事實上,我們可以有效地將它簡化為一個步驟
import { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
import postsReducer from '../reducers/postsReducer'
import usersReducer from '../reducers/usersReducer'
// Automatically adds the thunk middleware and the Redux DevTools extension
const store = configureStore({
// Automatically calls `combineReducers`
reducer: {
posts: postsReducer,
users: usersReducer
}
})
對 configureStore
的那個呼叫為我們完成了所有工作
- 它呼叫
combineReducers
將postsReducer
和usersReducer
合併到根 reducer 函式,該函式將處理看起來像{posts, users}
的根狀態 - 它呼叫
createStore
使用該根 reducer 建立 Redux 儲存 - 它自動加入 thunk middleware 並呼叫
applyMiddleware
- 它自動加入更多 middleware 來檢查常見錯誤,例如意外變異狀態
- 它自動設定 Redux DevTools Extension 連線
如果你的儲存設定需要額外的步驟,例如加入額外的 middleware、傳遞 extra
參數給 thunk middleware,或建立持續化的根 reducer,你也可以這樣做。以下是一個較大的範例,顯示如何自訂內建 middleware 並開啟 Redux-Persist,這展示了使用 configureStore
的一些選項
詳細範例:使用持續化和 middleware 的自訂儲存設定
此範例顯示設定 Redux 儲存時幾個可能的常見任務
- 個別合併 reducer(有時由於其他架構限制而需要)
- 加入額外的 middleware,有條件和無條件
- 傳遞「額外參數」給 thunk middleware,例如 API 服務層
- 使用 Redux-Persist 函式庫,它需要特別處理其不可序列化的動作類型
- 在生產環境中關閉開發人員工具,並在開發環境中設定其他開發人員工具選項
這些都不是必需的,但它們確實會經常出現在實際的程式碼庫中。
import { configureStore, combineReducers } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
import {
persistStore,
persistReducer,
FLUSH,
REHYDRATE,
PAUSE,
PERSIST,
PURGE,
REGISTER
} from 'redux-persist'
import storage from 'redux-persist/lib/storage'
import { PersistGate } from 'redux-persist/integration/react'
import logger from 'redux-logger'
import postsReducer from '../features/posts/postsSlice'
import usersReducer from '../features/users/usersSlice'
import { api } from '../features/api/apiSlice'
import { serviceLayer } from '../features/api/serviceLayer'
import stateSanitizerForDevtools from './devtools'
import customMiddleware from './someCustomMiddleware'
// Can call `combineReducers` yourself if needed
const rootReducer = combineReducers({
posts: postsReducer,
users: usersReducer,
[api.reducerPath]: api.reducer
})
const persistConfig = {
key: 'root',
version: 1,
storage
}
const persistedReducer = persistReducer(persistConfig, rootReducer)
const store = configureStore({
// Pass previously created persisted reducer
reducer: persistedReducer,
middleware: getDefaultMiddleware => {
const middleware = getDefaultMiddleware({
// Pass in a custom `extra` argument to the thunk middleware
thunk: {
extraArgument: { serviceLayer }
},
// Customize the built-in serializability dev check
serializableCheck: {
ignoredActions: [FLUSH, REHYDRATE, PAUSE, PERSIST, PURGE, REGISTER]
}
}).concat(customMiddleware, api.middleware)
// Conditionally add another middleware in dev
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
middleware.push(logger)
}
return middleware
},
// Turn off devtools in prod, or pass options in dev
devTools:
process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production'
? false
: {
stateSanitizer: stateSanitizerForDevtools
}
})
使用 createSlice
的簡化器和動作
典型的舊版 Redux 程式碼庫會將其簡化器邏輯、動作建立器和動作類型分散在不同的檔案中,而且這些檔案通常會依類型分門別類放在不同的資料夾中。簡化器邏輯是使用 switch
陳述式和手寫的不可變更新邏輯,並使用物件擴充和陣列對應。
export const ADD_TODO = 'ADD_TODO'
export const TOGGLE_TODO = 'TOGGLE_TODO'
import { ADD_TODO, TOGGLE_TODO } from '../constants/todos'
export const addTodo = (id, text) => ({
type: ADD_TODO,
text,
id
})
export const toggleTodo = id => ({
type: TOGGLE_TODO,
id
})
import { ADD_TODO, TOGGLE_TODO } from '../constants/todos'
const initialState = []
export default function todosReducer(state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case ADD_TODO: {
return state.concat({
id: action.id,
text: action.text,
completed: false
})
}
case TOGGLE_TODO: {
return state.map(todo => {
if (todo.id !== action.id) {
return todo
}
return {
...todo,
completed: !todo.completed
}
})
}
default:
return state
}
}
Redux Toolkit 的 createSlice
API 是為了消除撰寫簡化器、動作和不可變更新的所有「樣板」而設計的!
使用 Redux Toolkit,對舊版程式碼有多處變更
createSlice
將完全消除手寫的動作建立器和動作類型- 所有唯一命名的欄位,例如
action.text
和action.id
,都將由action.payload
取代,可以是單獨的值,也可以是包含這些欄位的物件 - 由於 Immer,手寫的不可變更新已由簡化器中的「變異」邏輯取代
- 不需要為每種類型的程式碼建立不同的檔案
- 我們教導在單一「區段」檔案中放置所有給定簡化器的邏輯
- 我們建議按「功能」整理檔案,而不是按「程式碼類型」建立不同的資料夾,將相關程式碼放在同一個資料夾中
- 理想情況下,簡化器和動作的命名應使用過去式,並描述「已發生的事情」,而不是命令式的「現在執行此動作」,例如
todoAdded
而不是ADD_TODO
這些用於常數、動作和簡化器的不同檔案都將由單一的「區段」檔案取代。現代化的區段檔案看起來像這樣
import { createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
const initialState = []
const todosSlice = createSlice({
name: 'todos',
initialState,
reducers: {
// Give case reducers meaningful past-tense "event"-style names
todoAdded(state, action) {
const { id, text } = action.payload
// "Mutating" update syntax thanks to Immer, and no `return` needed
state.todos.push({
id,
text,
completed: false
})
},
todoToggled(state, action) {
// Look for the specific nested object to update.
// In this case, `action.payload` is the default field in the action,
// and can hold the `id` value - no need for `action.id` separately
const matchingTodo = state.todos.find(todo => todo.id === action.payload)
if (matchingTodo) {
// Can directly "mutate" the nested object
matchingTodo.completed = !matchingTodo.completed
}
}
}
})
// `createSlice` automatically generated action creators with these names.
// export them as named exports from this "slice" file
export const { todoAdded, todoToggled } = todosSlice.actions
// Export the slice reducer as the default export
export default todosSlice.reducer
當您呼叫 dispatch(todoAdded('Buy milk'))
時,您傳遞給 todoAdded
動作建立器的任何單一值都將自動用作 action.payload
欄位。如果您需要傳入多個值,請將它們作為物件傳入,例如 dispatch(todoAdded({id, text}))
。或者,您可以在 createSlice
簡化器內使用 「準備」符號 來接受多個不同的引數並建立 payload
欄位。prepare
符號也適用於動作建立器執行其他工作的案例,例如為每個項目產生唯一的 ID。
雖然 Redux Toolkit 沒有特別關注您的資料夾和檔案結構或動作命名,但 這些都是我們建議的最佳實務,因為我們發現它們可以產生更易於維護和理解的程式碼。
使用 RTK Query 擷取資料
在 React+Redux 應用程式中,典型的傳統資料擷取需要許多變動的區塊和程式碼類型
- 表示「請求開始」、「請求成功」和「請求失敗」動作的動作建立器和動作類型
- Thunk 來發送動作並執行非同步請求
- 追蹤載入狀態和儲存快取資料的 Reducer
- 從儲存中讀取這些值的 Selector
- 在元件載入後,在元件中發送 Thunk,透過類別元件中的
componentDidMount
或函式元件中的useEffect
這些通常會分割在許多不同的檔案中
export const FETCH_TODOS_STARTED = 'FETCH_TODOS_STARTED'
export const FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED = 'FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED'
export const FETCH_TODOS_FAILED = 'FETCH_TODOS_FAILED'
import axios from 'axios'
import {
FETCH_TODOS_STARTED,
FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED,
FETCH_TODOS_FAILED
} from '../constants/todos'
export const fetchTodosStarted = () => ({
type: FETCH_TODOS_STARTED
})
export const fetchTodosSucceeded = todos => ({
type: FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED,
todos
})
export const fetchTodosFailed = error => ({
type: FETCH_TODOS_FAILED,
error
})
export const fetchTodos = () => {
return async dispatch => {
dispatch(fetchTodosStarted())
try {
// Axios is common, but also `fetch`, or your own "API service" layer
const res = await axios.get('/todos')
dispatch(fetchTodosSucceeded(res.data))
} catch (err) {
dispatch(fetchTodosFailed(err))
}
}
}
import {
FETCH_TODOS_STARTED,
FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED,
FETCH_TODOS_FAILED
} from '../constants/todos'
const initialState = {
status: 'uninitialized',
todos: [],
error: null
}
export default function todosReducer(state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case FETCH_TODOS_STARTED: {
return {
...state,
status: 'loading'
}
}
case FETCH_TODOS_SUCCEEDED: {
return {
...state,
status: 'succeeded',
todos: action.todos
}
}
case FETCH_TODOS_FAILED: {
return {
...state,
status: 'failed',
todos: [],
error: action.error
}
}
default:
return state
}
}
export const selectTodosStatus = state => state.todos.status
export const selectTodos = state => state.todos.todos
import { useEffect } from 'react'
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from 'react-redux'
import { fetchTodos } from '../actions/todos'
import { selectTodosStatus, selectTodos } from '../selectors/todos'
export function TodosList() {
const dispatch = useDispatch()
const status = useSelector(selectTodosStatus)
const todos = useSelector(selectTodos)
useEffect(() => {
dispatch(fetchTodos())
}, [dispatch])
// omit rendering logic here
}
許多使用者可能會使用 redux-saga
函式庫來管理資料擷取,在這種情況下,他們可能會使用額外的「訊號」動作類型來觸發 saga,並使用此 saga 檔案代替 thunk
import { put, takeEvery, call } from 'redux-saga/effects'
import {
FETCH_TODOS_BEGIN,
fetchTodosStarted,
fetchTodosSucceeded,
fetchTodosFailed
} from '../actions/todos'
// Saga to actually fetch data
export function* fetchTodos() {
yield put(fetchTodosStarted())
try {
const res = yield call(axios.get, '/todos')
yield put(fetchTodosSucceeded(res.data))
} catch (err) {
yield put(fetchTodosFailed(err))
}
}
// "Watcher" saga that waits for a "signal" action, which is
// dispatched only to kick off logic, not to update state
export function* fetchTodosSaga() {
yield takeEvery(FETCH_TODOS_BEGIN, fetchTodos)
}
所有這些程式碼都可以用 Redux Toolkit 的「RTK Query」資料擷取和快取層 來取代!
RTK Query 取代了撰寫任何動作、thunk、reducer、selector 或效果來管理資料擷取的需要。(事實上,它實際上使用所有這些相同的工具作為內部。)此外,RTK Query 會負責追蹤載入狀態、取消重複請求,並管理快取資料的生命週期(包括移除不再需要的過期資料)。
若要移轉,設定單一的 RTK Query「API 區段」定義,並將產生的 reducer + 中介軟體新增到你的儲存
import { createApi, fetchBaseQuery } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query/react'
export const api = createApi({
baseQuery: fetchBaseQuery({
// Fill in your own server starting URL here
baseUrl: '/'
}),
endpoints: build => ({})
})
import { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
// Import the API object
import { api } from '../features/api/apiSlice'
// Import any other slice reducers as usual here
import usersReducer from '../features/users/usersSlice'
export const store = configureStore({
reducer: {
// Add the generated RTK Query "API slice" caching reducer
[api.reducerPath]: api.reducer,
// Add any other reducers
users: usersReducer
},
// Add the RTK Query API middleware
middleware: getDefaultMiddleware =>
getDefaultMiddleware().concat(api.middleware)
})
然後,新增表示你想要擷取和快取的特定資料的「端點」,並匯出每個端點的自動產生的 React 勾子
import { createApi, fetchBaseQuery } from '@reduxjs/toolkit/query/react'
export const api = createApi({
baseQuery: fetchBaseQuery({
// Fill in your own server starting URL here
baseUrl: '/'
}),
endpoints: build => ({
// A query endpoint with no arguments
getTodos: build.query({
query: () => '/todos'
}),
// A query endpoint with an argument
userById: build.query({
query: userId => `/users/${userId}`
}),
// A mutation endpoint
updateTodo: build.mutation({
query: updatedTodo => ({
url: `/todos/${updatedTodo.id}`,
method: 'POST',
body: updatedTodo
})
})
})
})
export const { useGetTodosQuery, useUserByIdQuery, useUpdateTodoMutation } = api
最後,在你的元件中使用勾子
import { useGetTodosQuery } from '../api/apiSlice'
export function TodoList() {
const { data: todos, isFetching, isSuccess } = useGetTodosQuery()
// omit rendering logic here
}
使用 createAsyncThunk
進行資料擷取
我們特別建議使用 RTK Query 來擷取資料。不過,有些使用者告訴我們他們還沒有準備好進行這一步驟。在這種情況下,你至少可以使用 RTK 的 createAsyncThunk
來減少一些手寫 thunk 和 reducer 的樣板。它會自動為你產生動作建立器和動作類型,呼叫你提供的非同步函數來提出請求,並根據承諾生命週期發送這些動作。使用 createAsyncThunk
的範例可能如下所示
import { createAsyncThunk, createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
import axios from 'axios'
const initialState = {
status: 'uninitialized',
todos: [],
error: null
}
const fetchTodos = createAsyncThunk('todos/fetchTodos', async () => {
// Just make the async request here, and return the response.
// This will automatically dispatch a `pending` action first,
// and then `fulfilled` or `rejected` actions based on the promise.
// as needed based on the
const res = await axios.get('/todos')
return res.data
})
export const todosSlice = createSlice({
name: 'todos',
initialState,
reducers: {
// any additional "normal" case reducers here.
// these will generate new action creators
},
extraReducers: builder => {
// Use `extraReducers` to handle actions that were generated
// _outside_ of the slice, such as thunks or in other slices
builder
.addCase(fetchTodos.pending, (state, action) => {
state.status = 'loading'
})
// Pass the generated action creators to `.addCase()`
.addCase(fetchTodos.fulfilled, (state, action) => {
// Same "mutating" update syntax thanks to Immer
state.status = 'succeeded'
state.todos = action.payload
})
.addCase(fetchTodos.rejected, (state, action) => {
state.status = 'failed'
state.todos = []
state.error = action.error
})
}
})
export default todosSlice.reducer
你仍然需要撰寫任何選擇器,並在 useEffect
鉤子中自己發送 fetchTodos
thunk。
使用 createListenerMiddleware
的反應式邏輯
許多 Redux 應用程式都有「反應式」風格的邏輯,會聆聽特定的動作或狀態變更,並執行其他邏輯來回應。這些行為通常使用 redux-saga
或 redux-observable
函式庫實作。
這些函式庫用於各種任務。舉一個基本的範例,一個聆聽動作、等待一秒,然後發送其他動作的 saga 和 epic 可能如下所示
import { delay, put, takeEvery } from 'redux-saga/effects'
export function* ping() {
yield delay(1000)
yield put({ type: 'PONG' })
}
// "Watcher" saga that waits for a "signal" action, which is
// dispatched only to kick off logic, not to update state
export function* pingSaga() {
yield takeEvery('PING', ping)
}
import { filter, mapTo } from 'rxjs/operators'
import { ofType } from 'redux-observable'
const pingEpic = action$ =>
action$.pipe(ofType('PING'), delay(1000), mapTo({ type: 'PONG' }))
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from 'redux'
import createSagaMiddleware from 'redux-saga'
import { combineEpics, createEpicMiddleware } from 'redux-observable';
// skip reducers
import { pingEpic } from '../sagas/ping'
import { pingSaga } from '../epics/ping
function* rootSaga() {
yield pingSaga()
}
const rootEpic = combineEpics(
pingEpic
);
const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware()
const epicMiddleware = createEpicMiddleware()
const middlewareEnhancer = applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware, epicMiddleware)
const store = createStore(rootReducer, middlewareEnhancer)
sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga)
epicMiddleware.run(rootEpic)
RTK「聆聽器」中介軟體旨在取代 saga 和 observables,具有更簡單的 API、更小的套件大小和更好的 TS 支援。
saga 和 epic 範例可以用聆聽器中介軟體取代,如下所示
import { createListenerMiddleware } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
// Best to define this in a separate file, to avoid importing
// from the store file into the rest of the codebase
export const listenerMiddleware = createListenerMiddleware()
export const { startListening, stopListening } = listenerMiddleware
import { createSlice } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
import { startListening } from '../../app/listenerMiddleware'
const pingSlice = createSlice({
name: 'ping',
initialState,
reducers: {
pong(state, action) {
// state update here
}
}
})
export const { pong } = pingSlice.actions
export default pingSlice.reducer
// The `startListening()` call could go in different files,
// depending on your preferred app setup. Here, we just add
// it directly in a slice file.
startListening({
// Match this exact action type based on the action creator
actionCreator: pong,
// Run this effect callback whenever that action is dispatched
effect: async (action, listenerApi) => {
// Listener effect functions get a `listenerApi` object
// with many useful methods built in, including `delay`:
await listenerApi.delay(1000)
listenerApi.dispatch(pong())
}
})
import { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
import { listenerMiddleware } from './listenerMiddleware'
// omit reducers
export const store = configureStore({
reducer: rootReducer,
// Add the listener middleware _before_ the thunk or dev checks
middleware: getDefaultMiddleware =>
getDefaultMiddleware().prepend(listenerMiddleware.middleware)
})
將 Redux 邏輯的 TypeScript 進行轉移
使用 TypeScript 的舊版 Redux 程式碼通常遵循非常冗長的類型定義模式。特別是,社群中的許多使用者決定手動為每個個別動作定義 TS 類型,然後建立「動作類型聯集」,嘗試限制哪些特定動作實際上可以傳遞給 dispatch
。
我們特別且強烈建議不要使用這些模式!
import { ADD_TODO, TOGGLE_TODO } from '../constants/todos'
// ❌ Common pattern: manually defining types for each action object
interface AddTodoAction {
type: typeof ADD_TODO
text: string
id: string
}
interface ToggleTodoAction {
type: typeof TOGGLE_TODO
id: string
}
// ❌ Common pattern: an "action type union" of all possible actions
export type TodoActions = AddTodoAction | ToggleTodoAction
export const addTodo = (id: string, text: string): AddTodoAction => ({
type: ADD_TODO,
text,
id
})
export const toggleTodo = (id: string): ToggleTodoAction => ({
type: TOGGLE_TODO,
id
})
import { ADD_TODO, TOGGLE_TODO, TodoActions } from '../constants/todos'
interface Todo {
id: string
text: string
completed: boolean
}
export type TodosState = Todo[]
const initialState: TodosState = []
export default function todosReducer(
state = initialState,
action: TodoActions
) {
switch (action.type) {
// omit reducer logic
default:
return state
}
}
import { createStore, Dispatch } from 'redux'
import { TodoActions } from '../actions/todos'
import { CounterActions } from '../actions/counter'
import { TodosState } from '../reducers/todos'
import { CounterState } from '../reducers/counter'
// omit reducer setup
export const store = createStore(rootReducer)
// ❌ Common pattern: an "action type union" of all possible actions
export type RootAction = TodoActions | CounterActions
// ❌ Common pattern: manually defining the root state type with each field
export interface RootState {
todos: TodosState
counter: CounterState
}
// ❌ Common pattern: limiting what can be dispatched at the types level
export type AppDispatch = Dispatch<RootAction>
Redux Toolkit 旨在大幅簡化 TS 使用,我們的建議包括盡可能推論類型!
根據 我們的標準 TypeScript 設定和使用指南,從設定儲存檔案開始,直接從儲存本身推論 AppDispatch
和 RootState
類型。這將正確包含中介軟體新增的任何 dispatch
修改,例如發送 thunk 的能力,並在你修改區段狀態定義或新增更多區段時更新 RootState
類型。
import { configureStore } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
// omit any other imports
const store = configureStore({
reducer: {
todos: todosReducer,
counter: counterReducer
}
})
// Infer the `RootState` and `AppDispatch` types from the store itself
// Inferred state type: {todos: TodosState, counter: CounterState}
export type RootState = ReturnType<typeof store.getState>
// Inferred dispatch type: Dispatch & ThunkDispatch<RootState, undefined, UnknownAction>
export type AppDispatch = typeof store.dispatch
每個切片檔案都應該宣告並匯出其自身切片狀態的類型。然後,使用 PayloadAction
類型來宣告 createSlice.reducers
內部任何 action
引數的類型。產生的動作建立器將同時具有其接受的引數的正確類型,以及其傳回的 action.payload
類型。
import { createSlice, PayloadAction } from '@reduxjs/toolkit'
interface Todo {
id: string
text: string
completed: boolean
}
// Declare and export a type for the slice's state
export type TodosState = Todo[]
const initialState: TodosState = []
const todosSlice = createSlice({
name: 'todos',
// The `state` argument type will be inferred for all case reducers
// from the type of `initialState`
initialState,
reducers: {
// Use `PayloadAction<YourPayloadTypeHere>` for each `action` argument
todoAdded(state, action: PayloadAction<{ id: string; text: string }>) {
// omit logic
},
todoToggled(state, action: PayloadAction<string>) {
// omit logic
}
}
})
使用 React-Redux 現代化 React 元件
在元件中遷移 React-Redux 使用方式的一般方法是
- 將現有的 React 類別元件遷移為函式元件
- 使用
useSelector
和useDispatch
勾子(在元件內部)取代connect
包裝器
您可以在個別的每個元件基礎上執行此操作。具有 connect
和勾子的元件可以同時共存。
此頁面不會介紹將類別元件遷移至函式元件的程序,但會專注於 React-Redux 特有的變更。
將 connect
遷移至勾子
使用 React-Redux connect
API 的典型舊版元件可能如下所示
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { bindActionCreators } from 'redux'
import {
todoToggled,
todoDeleted,
selectTodoById,
selectActiveTodoId
} from './todosSlice'
// A `mapState` function, possibly using values from `ownProps`,
// and returning an object with multiple separate fields inside
const mapStateToProps = (state, ownProps) => {
return {
todo: selectTodoById(state, ownProps.todoId),
activeTodoId: selectActiveTodoId(state)
}
}
// Several possible variations on how you might see `mapDispatch` written:
// 1) a separate function, manual wrapping of `dispatch`
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => {
return {
todoDeleted: id => dispatch(todoDeleted(id)),
todoToggled: id => dispatch(todoToggled(id))
}
}
// 2) A separate function, wrapping with `bindActionCreators`
const mapDispatchToProps2 = dispatch => {
return bindActionCreators(
{
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
},
dispatch
)
}
// 3) An object full of action creators
const mapDispatchToProps3 = {
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
}
// The component, which gets all these fields as props
function TodoListItem({ todo, activeTodoId, todoDeleted, todoToggled }) {
// rendering logic here
}
// Finished with the call to `connect`
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(TodoListItem)
使用 React-Redux 勾子 API,connect
呼叫和 mapState/mapDispatch
引數會被勾子取代!
mapState
中傳回的每個個別欄位會變成一個獨立的useSelector
呼叫- 透過
mapDispatch
傳遞的每個函式會變成在元件內部定義的獨立的回呼函式
import { useState } from 'react'
import { useSelector, useDispatch } from 'react-redux'
import {
todoAdded,
todoToggled,
selectTodoById,
selectActiveTodoId
} from './todosSlice'
export function TodoListItem({ todoId }) {
// Get the actual `dispatch` function with `useDispatch`
const dispatch = useDispatch()
// Select values from the state with `useSelector`
const activeTodoId = useSelector(selectActiveTodoId)
// Use prop in scope to select a specific value
const todo = useSelector(state => selectTodoById(state, todoId))
// Create callback functions that dispatch as needed, with arguments
const handleToggleClick = () => {
dispatch(todoToggled(todoId))
}
const handleDeleteClick = () => {
dispatch(todoDeleted(todoId))
}
// omit rendering logic
}
不同的是,connect
透過防止包裝元件在未變更其輸入的 stateProps+dispatchProps+ownProps
之前進行渲染,來最佳化渲染效能。勾子無法執行此操作,因為它們在元件內部。如果您需要防止 React 的正常遞迴渲染行為,請自行使用 React.memo(MyComponent)
包裝元件。
遷移元件的 TypeScript
connect
的主要缺點之一是它非常難以正確輸入,而且類型宣告最後會變得極其冗長。這是因為它是一個高階元件,而且其 API 具有高度彈性(四個引數,全部都是選用的,每個引數都有多個可能的重載和變異)。
社群提出了多種處理此問題的方法,複雜度不一。在較低階的部分,某些用法需要在 mapState()
中輸入 state
,然後計算元件所有道具的類型
import { connect } from 'react-redux'
import { RootState } from '../../app/store'
import {
todoToggled,
todoDeleted,
selectTodoById,
selectActiveTodoId
} from './todosSlice'
interface TodoListItemOwnProps {
todoId: string
}
const mapStateToProps = (state: RootState, ownProps) => {
return {
todo: selectTodoById(state, ownProps.todoId),
activeTodoId: selectActiveTodoId(state)
}
}
const mapDispatchToProps = {
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
}
type TodoListItemProps = TodoListItemOwnProps &
ReturnType<typeof mapStateToProps> &
typeof mapDispatchToProps
function TodoListItem({
todo,
activeTodoId,
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
}: TodoListItemProps) {}
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(TodoListItem)
特別是將 typeof mapDispatch
用作物件很危險,因為如果包含 thunk,它就會失敗。
其他社群建立的模式需要顯著更多的開銷,包括將 mapDispatch
宣告為函式,並呼叫 bindActionCreators
以傳遞 dispatch: Dispatch<RootActions>
類型,或手動計算包裝元件接收的所有道具的類型,並將這些類型作為泛型傳遞給 connect
。
一個稍微更好的替代方案是 ConnectedProps<T>
類型,已在 v7.x 中新增至 @types/react-redux
,它可以推論 connect
會傳遞給元件的所有道具的類型。這確實需要將呼叫 connect
分成兩部分,才能讓推論正確運作
import { connect, ConnectedProps } from 'react-redux'
import { RootState } from '../../app/store'
import {
todoToggled,
todoDeleted,
selectTodoById,
selectActiveTodoId
} from './todosSlice'
interface TodoListItemOwnProps {
todoId: string
}
const mapStateToProps = (state: RootState, ownProps) => {
return {
todo: selectTodoById(state, ownProps.todoId),
activeTodoId: selectActiveTodoId(state)
}
}
const mapDispatchToProps = {
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
}
// Call the first part of `connect` to get the function that accepts the component.
// This knows the types of the props returned by `mapState/mapDispatch`
const connector = connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)
// The `ConnectedProps<T> util type can extract "the type of all props from Redux"
type PropsFromRedux = ConnectedProps<typeof connector>
// The final component props are "the props from Redux" + "props from the parent"
type TodoListItemProps = PropsFromRedux & TodoListItemOwnProps
// That type can then be used in the component
function TodoListItem({
todo,
activeTodoId,
todoDeleted,
todoToggled
}: TodoListItemProps) {}
// And the final wrapped component is generated and exported
export default connector(TodoListItem)
React-Redux hooks API 對於 TypeScript 來說容易使用許多!與處理元件包裝、類型推論和泛型的層級相比,hooks 是只需輸入引數並傳回結果的簡單函式。您只需要傳遞 RootState
和 AppDispatch
的類型。
根據 我們的標準 TypeScript 設定和使用指南,我們特別教導設定 hooks 的「預先輸入」別名,以便將正確的類型內建其中,而且只在應用程式中使用那些預先輸入的 hooks。
首先,設定 hooks
import { useDispatch, useSelector } from 'react-redux'
import type { AppDispatch, RootState } from './store'
// Use throughout your app instead of plain `useDispatch` and `useSelector`
export const useAppDispatch = useDispatch.withTypes<AppDispatch>()
export const useAppSelector = useSelector.withTypes<RootState>()
然後,在您的元件中使用它們
import { useAppSelector, useAppDispatch } from '../../app/hooks'
import {
todoToggled,
todoDeleted,
selectTodoById,
selectActiveTodoId
} from './todosSlice'
interface TodoListItemProps {
todoId: string
}
function TodoListItem({ todoId }: TodoListItemProps) {
// Use the pre-typed hooks in the component
const dispatch = useAppDispatch()
const activeTodoId = useAppSelector(selectActiveTodoId)
const todo = useAppSelector(state => selectTodoById(state, todoId))
// omit event handlers and rendering logic
}
進一步資訊
請參閱這些文件頁面和部落格文章以取得更多詳細資訊
- 教學
- 其他文件
- 文章